NIJ Awards in Fiscal Year 1994.


MENU TITLE: NIJ AWARDS IN FISCAL YEAR 94
Series: NIJ
Published: January 1995
33 pages
52,903 bytes

NCJ 152109

NIJ Awards in Fiscal Year 1994

The awards made by the National Institute of
Justice (NIJ) in fiscal year 1994 to support
research, development, evaluation, training, and
dissemination in criminal justice are presented in
this Research in Brief.

The list includes grants, interagency agreements
and cooperative agreements, contracts, and
fellowships. Awards made in fiscal year 1994 to
supplement projects begun earlier also are
included.

NIJ's Goals for 1994

Each project forms part of NIJ's overall strategic
plan for research, development, and evaluation.
The plan elaborates six goals that reflect and
respond to the Nation's concern with violent and
drug-related crime and victimization:

I Reduce Violent Crimes and Their Consequences.

II Reduce Drug- and Alcohol-Related Crimes.

III Reduce the Consequences of Crimes Involving
Individuals, Households, Organizations, and
Communities.

IV Develop Household, School, Business, Workplace,
and Community Crime Prevention Programs.

V Improve the Effectiveness of Law Enforcement,
Criminal Justice, Correctional, and Service
Systems' Responses to Offenses, Offending, and
Victimization.

VI Develop, Promote, and Use Criminal Justice
Research, Evaluation, and Technology.

The awards are listed in the order of these goal
categories.

Research and Evaluation, 1995-1996

NIJ's plan for fiscal year 1995-1996 will continue
the long-term goals cited above, but will reflect
specifically targeted areas outlined in the
Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of
1994.

NIJ plans to support research and evaluation of
programs under the new law. These programs focus
on such topics as coordination of law enforcement
efforts, including State and local drug task
forces; community policing; supervised
after-school, weekend, and summer programs for
at-risk youths; correctional programs, including
boot camps and alternatives to incarceration;
State and local drug courts; crime prevention
programs; the incarceration of criminal aliens;
and violence against women.

The plan will be available in spring 1995 from the
National Criminal Justice Reference Service
(NCJRS) by calling 800-251-3420, or by writing to
NCJRS, Box 6000, Rockville, MD 20850.

Organization of the Awards List

Within each goal category, the awards are listed
alphabetically. The information includes award
number, name of award, name of grantee or
contractor, name of principal investigator, dollar
amount of award, and a brief description. Award
numbers that begin with other than "94" are
supplements of amounts granted in an earlier year.

Goal I: Reduce Violent Crimes and Their
Consequences

Domestic Violence

94-IJ-CX-0009
Community Policing of Domestic Violence
University of Maryland-College Park
Charles F. Wellford
$6,602
The project will use data from the 1989 Milwaukee
Domestic Violence Experiment to examine the
effects of neighborhood characteristics on
recidivism for domestic violence offenses.

94-IJ-CX-0047
Coordinated Response to Domestic Violence: A Field
Test
Victim Services
Robert Davis
$264,722
The proposed research will evaluate the effects of
a coordinated program to reduce repeated violence
in a sample of 500 households in which males have
been arrested for partner abuse.

94-IJ-CX-0050
Corporate-Sector Response to Domestic Violence
President and Fellows of Harvard College
Nancy Isaac
$47,039
This study will explore the responsiveness of the
corporate sector to domestic violence through
surveys and interviews with individuals working in
employee assistance programs and through an
indepth case study.

94-IJ-CX-0041
Developmental Antecedents of Partner Violence:
Longitudinal Study From Childhood to Adulthood
University of Wisconsin-Madison
Terrie Moffitt
$175,350
This project will use a longitudinal data set to
examine the impact of family background,
individual characteristics, and immediate
circumstances on the development and expression of
partner violence.

94-IJ-CX-0052
Domestic Violence Cases: Effects of a Specialized
Court
American Bar Association
Barbara Smith/Robert Davis
$199,658
This project will assess a new domestic violence
court in Milwaukee by examining the effects of the
"no-drop" policy on convictions and victim
satisfaction, the effects of various dispositions
on recidivism of batterers, and whether the new
court reduces time to disposition.

94-IJ-CX-K001
Evaluation of Domestic Violence Training Program
Massachusetts Committee on Criminal Justice
William Holmes
$46,979
This project will evaluate the effectiveness of
domestic violence training programs in
Massachusetts.

94-IJ-CX-K003
National Conference on Family Violence: Health and
Justice
American Medical Association
Marshall D. Rosman/Martha B. Witwer
$100,000
This project provided assistance for a national
conference to link the health and justice
communities and set the agenda for a
multidisciplinary, coordinated response to family 
violence.

93-IJ-CX-0028
The Role of Alcohol and Drug Abuse in Domestic
Violence and Its Treatment
Crime and Justice Research Institute
John S. Goldkamp
$91,475
This project extends funding for a research
project to examine the role of alcohol and drug
abuse in domestic violence by studying predictors
of reoffending and by experimentally assessing the
impact of a new approach that integrates violence
reduction therapy and drug abuse treatment.

93-IJ-CX-0003
Study of Prosecution of Domestic Violence Cases
Ann Taylor, NIJ Visiting Fellow
$8,188
This project extends funding for a study of the
prosecution of domestic violence cases in rural
counties. It includes a survey of rural
prosecutors to determine how these cases are
handled and makes recommendations for improving 
prosecution.

93-IJ-CX-0012
Violence and Threats of Violence Against Women in
America
Center for Policy Research
Patricia Tjaden
$300,000
With funds from the Centers for Disease Control
and Prevention, this study will expand a national
survey of 8,000 women to collect data on the
nature, extent, and consequences of various forms
of violence and threats of violence against women,
including stalking and experiences with childhood
victimization. In addition, 8,000 men will be
surveyed regarding their victimization by
intimates.

Firearms and Violence

94-IJ-CX-K012
Assault Crisis Teams: Preventing Youth Violence
Through Monitoring, Mentoring, and Mediating
St. Louis Metropolitan Police Department
Richard Rosenfeld/Scott Decker,
University of Missouri-St. Louis
$499,345
Assault Crisis Teams--composed of medical, social
service, educational, and criminal justice
personnel and community residents trained in
conflict management--will be created to work with
males aged 15-29, a group at high risk for violent
death in certain St. Louis areas. The goal is to
reduce firearm use and other violence among this
population.

94-IJ-CX-0056
Firearms and Violence: Juveniles, Illicit Markets,
and Fear
President and Fellows of Harvard College
David Kennedy
$311,499
This project will assist the Boston Police
Department in analyzing its juvenile gun problem
and designing a problem-oriented policing
intervention in an attempt to disrupt the local
black market in firearms. A process and impact
evaluation will be conducted.

94-IJ-CX-0038
Gun Density vs. Gun Type: Did More, or More
Lethal, Guns Drive Up the Dallas Homicide Rate,
1978-1992?
Crime Control Institute
Christopher Koper
$49,714
This research will examine the relationship
between gun type, gun availability, and homicide
by studying the effects of the mix of guns varying
in lethality on urban homicide rates.

94-IJ-CX-0033
High School Youth, Weapons, and Violence: A
National Survey of Weapon-Related Behavior, Crime,
and Victimization
Tulane University
Joseph Sheley 
$189,553
This effort will include a national survey of
weapon-related violence, victimization, and
associated behavior of a random sample of 3,000
male high school juniors and seniors as well as a
nationally representative sample of urban and
nonurban high schools. The study will examine the
incidence of weapon-related activity in these
schools and strategies for responding to such
activity.

94-MU-CX-K003
Youth, Firearms, and Violence in Atlanta: A
Problem-Solving Approach
Emory University School of Public Health
Arthur Kellermann
$499,846
The study, jointly funded by NIJ, the Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention, and the Office of
Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, will
employ a problem-solving approach to reduce gun
violence by youths in metropolitan Atlanta.
Researchers will work with the community and State
and local governments to analyze the magnitude,
extent, and 
characteristics of the problem and then to
implement and evaluate a broad-based approach to
combat firearm violence by youths.

Gangs

94-IJ-CX-0053
Evaluating Nevada's Anti-Gang Legislation and Gang
Prosecution Units
University of Nevada-Las Vegas
Terance Miethe
$169,479
This project will examine two approaches to
increasing formal responses to gang activity in
Nevada--anti-gang statutes and specialized
prosecution units--and assess the effectiveness
and impact of gang prosecution units.

94-IJ-CX-0058
Evaluation of G.R.E.A.T.
University of Nebraska
Finn-Aage Esbensen
$183,318
A long-term evaluation of the Gang Resistance
Education and Training (G.R.E.A.T.) program will
be conducted in collaboration with the Bureau of
Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms. It will assess the
instruction of G.R.E.A.T. officers and evaluate
the effectiveness of the program on attitudes and
behavior.

93-IJ-CX-0051-S1
Evaluation of Youth Gang Drug Intervention
Prevention Program for Female Adolescents
Development Services Group, Inc.
Alan M. Bekelman
$100,000
This effort will include a process and impact
evaluation of programs in Seattle, Pueblo
(Colorado), and Boston that attempt to prevent the
involvement of at-risk female youths in gangs.

94-IJ-CX-0066
Extended National Assessment Survey of Anti-Gang
Law Enforcement Information Resources
University of Missouri
G. David Curry
$53,358
This project will update methods for measuring
gang-related crime, examine the quality of
gang-related information collected by police
departments, and examine the role of community
characteristics in gang behavior and the
variations by gender in gang activity.

94-IJ-CX-0013
Pre- and Post-Test Evaluation of the G.R.E.A.T. 
Program
Arizona State University
Alan R. Brown
$116,243
A pretest-posttest design, which will measure
behavior, attitudes, and knowledge of students
before and after they participate in the
G.R.E.A.T. curriculum, will be used to evaluate
the efficiency of the program at 11 new U.S. sites
during the spring 1994 semester.


Other Violent Crimes

94-IJ-CX-0031
Developmental Antecedents of Sexual Aggression
Joseph J. Peters Institute
Robert Prentky
$205,662
This project will analyze data to determine if the
developmental antecedents of sexual aggression
differ for convicted rapists and self-reported
coercive college students compared with two
control groups.

92-IJ-CX-0013
Secret Service Exceptional Case Study Project
Robert A. Fein
$166,944
This project will examine the stalking behavior of
individuals who attacked, assassinated, or
approached public officials and/or public figures
in the United States since 1950. 
Findings will be included in case studies and
other training materials for the Secret Service.

94-IJ-CX-0032
Unemployment and Weapon-Specific Violent Crime
Rates: National, State, and City Analyses, 1975-
1990
Western Michigan University
Susan Carlson
$24,940
The proposed research will analyze Uniform Crime
Report data and unemployment data to provide
information on trends in violent crime rates
disaggregated by specific offense characteristics,
such as type of weapon used.


Goal II: Reduce Drug- and Alcohol-Related Crimes

94-IJ-CX-A051
Drug Court Intervention Project of the D.C.
Superior Court
D.C. Pretrial Services Agency
John A. Carver
$658,924
This project uses funds from the Center for
Substance 
Abuse Treatment (CSAT), U.S. Department of Health
and Human Services, to establish a drug court in
the District of Columbia.

94-IJ-CX-K011
Drug Court Program in D.C.--An Evaluation
The Urban Institute
Adele Harrell
$331,076
With funds from CSAT, this project will evaluate
the Drug Court Intervention Program of the D.C.
Superior Court.

91-IJ-CX-K023
Drug Testing for Youthful Offenders on Parole: 
Experimental Study
California Department of Youth Authority
Rudy Haapanen
$153,123
This award extends funding for an experimental
project to compare the effects of different levels
of routine, unscheduled drug testing on
criminality and parole adjustment among young
adult offenders on parole.

94-IJ-CX-0036
Hair Assays and Urinalysis for Drug Use Among 
Juvenile Offenders
Operation PAR, Inc.
Tom Mieczkowski
$129,264
This project will measure the incidence of drug
use among two populations of arrested/detained
juveniles that differ significantly in demographic
attributes.

93-IJ-CX-K004
Implementation of a Diversionary Program by the 
Orleans Parish District Attorney for Drug
Offenders, Utilizing Hair and Urine Testing
Orleans Parish District Attorney
Rosemary Mumm
$115,663
This award extends funding for a project to plan,
implement, and evaluate a prosecution diversion
program for first-time felony drug offenders that
monitors offenders' drug use through hair and
urine testing and provides drug treatment and
social services.

94-IJ-CX-0022
Psychoactive Substances and Antisocial Behavior:
Key Issues
University of Baltimore
Diana H. Fishbein
$13,734
A comprehensive literature review of drug-related
crime and behavior will be performed to assess the
state of current research and to identify future
research needs.

The DUF Program

The 23 Drug Use Forecasting (DUF) program sites
perform drug tests of persons arrested and brought
to booking facilities. The test findings indicate
levels of drug use, determine what drugs are used
in specific jurisdictions, and track changes in
drug use patterns.

94-IJ-CX-K002
AutoDUF
University of Maryland-College Park
Eric Wish
$121,799
Training will be provided to staff at 12 DUF sites
in the use of automated interviewing of arrestees
to obtain information about drug abuse.

91-IJ-CX-C004
DUF Program--Laboratory Analysis of Urine 
Specimens
PharmChem Laboratories, Inc.
Keith W. Patten
$103,257
This contract provides for analyzing the urine
specimens collected from sampled booked arrestees,
including juvenile detainees.

94-IJ-CX-C009
DUF Program--Laboratory Analysis of Urine 
Specimens
National Center for Forensic Science
Lionel Menard
$205,008
This contract provides for analyzing the urine
specimens collected from sampled booked arrestees,
including juvenile detainees.

93-IJ-CX-C002
DUF Program--Statistical Analysis
Aspen Systems Corporation--Applied Management
 Science Group
Lilly Gardner
$582,670
This contract provides for statistical analysis of
DUF data. The findings are used to track drug use
trends as well as serve as the basis for the
formulation of policy and development of treatment
programs.

94-IJ-R005
Drug Use Forecasting (DUF)--Atlanta
City of Atlanta Office of Corrections
Tom Pocock
$36,560

94-IJ-CX-A026
Drug Use Forecasting (DUF)--Cleveland
Cleveland Department of Public Safety
Sonia Alemagno
$84,507

94-IJ-CX-A039
Drug Use Forecasting (DUF)--Dallas
Dallas County Sheriff's Department
Pat McMillan
$29,675

94-IJ-CX-A020
Drug Use Forecasting (DUF)--Detroit
Michigan State University-East Lansing
Tim Bynum
$65,344

94-IJ-CX-A030
Drug Use Forecasting (DUF)--Fort Lauderdale
Broward County Sheriff's Office
Helen Tragus
$66,588

94-IJ-CX-A043
Drug Use Forecasting (DUF)--Los Angeles
Public Health Foundation of Los Angeles County,
Inc.
Douglas Anglin
$106,242

94-IJ-CX-A013
Drug Use Forecasting (DUF)--Manhattan
New York City Office of Drug Abuse Policy
Bruce Johnson
$79,717

94-IJ-CX-A029
Drug Use Forecasting (DUF)--Miami
Metropolitan Dade County
Tim Murray
$36,979

94-IJ-CX-A014
Drug Use Forecasting (DUF)--New Orleans
Orleans Parish Criminal Sheriff's Office
Michael Geerken
$31,740

94-IJ-CX-A022
Drug Use Forecasting (DUF)--Philadelphia
Philadelphia Police Department
Mary Ann Ausetts
$65,947

89-IJ-A028
Drug Use Forecasting (DUF)--Phoenix
TASC, Inc., of Arizona
Barbara Zugor
$45,278

94-IJ-CX-A019
Drug Use Forecasting (DUF)--Portland, Oregon
TASC of Oregon, Inc., National Consortium
Linda Tyon
$56,820

94-IJ-CX-A027
Drug Use Forecasting (DUF)--San Jose
Santa Clara County Bureau of Drug Abuse Services
John Larson
$67,700

94-IJ-CX-A045
Drug Use Forecasting (DUF)--St. Louis
St. Louis, Missouri, Board of Police
Scott Decker
$62,196

94-IJ-CX-A035
Drug Use Forecasting (DUF)--Washington, D.C.
D.C. Pretrial Services Agency
Kathryn R. Boyer
$35,708


Goal III: Reduce the Consequences of Crimes

94-IJ-CX-0051
Community Structure and Patterns of Criminal 
Homicide
University of Maryland-College Park
Brian Wiersema
$24,986
This project will examine differences in homicide
rates as they relate to differences in individual
(victim/offender) and community characteristics.

94-IJ-CX-0035
Crime-Induced Business Relocations and Prevention 
Programs
University of Texas-Austin
David Huff
$137,532
A survey of 500 businesses will be conducted to
examine the influence of crime on business
relocation decisions and to identify crime
prevention strategies for businesses.

94-IJ-CX-0029
Family Bonds and Criminal Careers: A Study of
Mexican-American and Asian-American 
Offenders
Arizona State University
Mayling Chu
$5,000
This project seeks to study the effects of family
bonds on Asian Americans and Mexican Americans who
have criminal careers.

94-IJ-CX-K004
Health Care Fraud Control in an Electronic 
Environment
President and Fellows of Harvard College
Malcolm Sparrow
$114,460
This study will examine the new opportunities for
fraud as the health care industry shifts to
electronic claims processing, identify the
principal vulnerabilities to fraud, and set the
framework for the development of a model for new
electronic and other detection and investigative
techniques necessary for fraud control.

94-IJ-CX-0018
Influence of Crime, Neighborhood Change, and 
Disorder on Residences and Businesses
Temple University
Ralph Taylor
$25,000
The research will study the extent to which such
community "contextual" factors as crime,
neighborhood structural change, and disorder
affect residents' commitment to and confidence in
the neighborhood, willingness to exercise social
control, and involvement in neighborhood
improvement.

94-IJ-CX-0037
Study of Convenience Store Crime in Five States
Justice Research and Statistics Association
David Kessler
$104,010
The project will complement the Association's
ongoing study of robbery-related convenience store
employee assaults and homicides, using perpetrator
and employee-owner interviews and analysis of the
store's neighborhood context.

94-IJ-CX-0054
Use of Closed-Circuit Television and Videotaped
Testimony in Child Sexual Abuse Trials: An
Evaluation of the Bureau of Justice Assistance
Program
American Bar Association
Sharon Elstein
$74,796
This evaluation will examine the implementation of
closed-circuit televised and videotaped testimony
in child sexual abuse cases in 28 jurisdictions
and will focus on perceptions of how effectively
such technologies reduce victim trauma while
testifying and how often such technologies are
successfully introduced into the
prosecution/adjudication process.

Goal IV: Develop Crime Prevention Programs

94-JC-CX-0001
Children as Witnesses to Violence: An Evaluation
of an Intervention Program for Elementary School
Children Exposed to Community Violence
Howard University
Hope Hill
$58,486
This project will evaluate a culturally
appropriate, multilevel, afterschool intervention
program for African-American children that is
intended to reduce the likelihood that the
children will experience negative psychological
effects of community violence or engage in violent
behavior.

94-IJ-CX-0048
Collection of Baseline Impact Data for the Weed
and Seed Program
Institute for Social Analysis
Janice Roehl
$299,630
This project will collect baseline data for a
national impact evaluation of eight Weed and Seed
sites.

94-IJ-CX-0063
Crime Prevention Programs in Public Housing: The 
Jersey City Approach to Drug and Violent Crime 
Problems in Public Housing
Jersey City, New Jersey, Police Department
Frank Gajewski
$198,019
This project will establish and evaluate a
coordinated and integrated crime prevention
approach in six public housing sites in Jersey
City that have exceptionally high reports of
crime.

94-IJ-CX-0062
Dynamics of Violent Incidents Among Inner-City 
Adolescents: Study of Public School Students in 
Atlanta, Georgia
Clark Atlanta University
Daniel Lockwood
$44,293
This project will gather information for use in
the design of a school curriculum that better
addresses school violence.

94-IJ-CX-0065
Evaluation of the Bureau of Justice Assistance 
Comprehensive Communities Program
Botec Analysis Corporation
Jenny Rudolph
$299,532
This project will evaluate the implementation and
coordination processes of six Comprehensive
Communities Program sites, yielding cross-site and
individual site data that could be used in a
future impact evaluation of this program.

94-IJ-CX-K008
A Problem-Solving Study: An Examination of Efforts
Aimed at Impacting Crime and Disorder Problems
Rana Sampson, NIJ Visiting Fellow
$143,837
The project will study and describe successful
problem-solving efforts of police and community
members, using onsite minicase studies,
interviews, and consultations with national and
Federal entities.

94-IJ-CX-0030
Robbers and Robbery: Prevention and the Offender
University of Missouri
Richard Wright
$163,871
This ethnographic study of robbery and its
offenders in St. Louis will focus on the factors
area robbers take into account when contemplating
the commission of a crime--opportunities, risks,
and rewards.

94-IJ-CX-K015
Safe Travel to and From School: A Problem-
Oriented Policing Strategy
Temple University
Jack Greene
$46,454
Philadelphia's North Central Police Department and
the Center for Public Policy of Temple University
will implement problem-oriented policing
strategies to address the safety of school-age
children as they travel to and from school.

94-IJ-CX-0059
SMART Program Expansion
Robert W. Long
$100,000
This project will expand the School Management and
Resource Teams (SMART) program into several new
pilot school districts and will examine
districtwide policies and practices regarding
safety, crime, and drugs.

94-IJ-CX-0015
Understanding and Responding to the Effects of
Crime on Afterschool Youth Development Programs
LINC
Marcia R. Chaiken
$49,978
This project will examine crime-related problems
faced by community-based organizations that
provide youth programs during nonschool hours and
how these organizations are dealing with the
problems.

Goal V: Improve the Effectiveness of the Criminal
Justice System

92-IJ-CX-0002
Police Use of Force
Ellen M. Scrivner, NIJ Visiting Fellow
$40,000
This project continues to examine how police
psychologists handle the use of excessive force by
the police, and it will result in case studies of
methods used by police departments to respond to
this problem.

94-IJ-CX-0043
Requirements Analysis for Automated Police Hiring
Ellen M. Scrivner
$25,000
Research will be conducted to facilitate the
development of an automated system for screening
potential candidates and using post-hiring
performance data to identify applicants unsuitable
for police work.

Community Policing

94-IJ-CX-K014
Community Police Officer Survey
Center for Criminal Justice Studies
Elizabeth Langston
$49,991
The project will examine the attitudes of 100
community police officers toward various
components of community policing.

94-IJ-CX-0006
Community Policing Training/Varieties of Rural
Policing: An Exploratory Study
Gary W. Cordner, NIJ Visiting Fellow
$68,535
This project will conduct a meta-analysis of
evaluations of what works in community policing.
It will consist of a review, compilation, and
assessment of all published articles and reports
that include community policing.

94-IJ-CX-0027
A Coordinated Response to Motor Vehicle Thefts:
Evaluation of Enforcement and Crime Prevention
Efforts
San Diego Association of Governments
Susan Pennell
$275,971
This project examines the effectiveness of using
enhanced crime analysis information and mapping
techniques for preventing motor vehicle thefts and
enforcing relevant laws.

94-IJ-CX-K009
Developing a Research Capacity for Problem-
Oriented Policing in Lexington, Kentucky
Eastern Kentucky University
Gary W. Cordner
$31,944
This demonstration project will implement a
problem-oriented policing strategy to help address
the problem of mental health emergencies in order
to (1) reduce the impact of mental health
emergencies upon the community, health and social
services agencies, and the police and (2) enhance
the research, problemsolving, and evaluation
capacities of the police.

94-IJ-CX-0011
Evaluation of Chicago's Neighborhood Policing 
Program-Year 1
Northwestern University
Wesley Skogan
$54,218
This project provided partial support for an
evaluation plan to examine how and to what extent
community policing is implemented in five
prototype areas in Chicago through monitoring of
neighborhood police-citizen beat meetings. It also
will assess the program's effects on crime "hot
spots."

94-IJ-CX-0046
Evaluation of Chicago's Citywide Community 
Policing Program-Year 2
Northwestern University
Wesley Skogan
$586,177
Under this project, Chicago's citywide community
policing program will be evaluated, resulting in a
detailed description of Chicago's efforts, an
analysis of how the program developed and changed
over time, and an assessment of the program's
impact.

94-IJ-CX-0044
First-Line Supervision in the Community Policing 
Context
Police Foundation
Mary Ann Wycoff
$199,070
This project will provide empirical and
theoretical articulation of the role of a
first-line supervisor in a community policing
context and suggest methods for designing
training, measuring performance, and providing
managerial support.

94-IJ-CX-0042
National Assessment of Community Policing 
Training
Institute for Law and Justice, Inc.
Tom McEwen
$119,533
This project will assess the nature, quality, and
scope of community policing training using a
national survey of a representative sample of
police chiefs, sheriffs, and training academy
directors and indepth interviews at selected
sites.

94-IJ-CX-0012
Transferring Community-Oriented Policing: An
Alternative Strategy
International City/County Management Association
E. Roberta Lesh
$199,975
Under this project, the Association will continue
to conduct workshops on community policing for
local government teams that include city managers,
police chiefs, other local government officials,
and community leaders.

Corrections

94-IJ-CX-K010
Advanced Electronic Monitoring and Tracking of
Persons on Probation or Parole
Westinghouse Science and Technology
John H. Murphy
$410,862
This project will determine the feasibility of
using an automated surveillance system to
continuously monitor the movement and location of
persons on probation or patrol who are wearing a
transmitter device.

94-IJ-R-025
Aqueous Foam System
U.S. Department of Energy, Sandia National
 Laboratories
Steve Scott
$292,000
This project will establish requirements for the
use of aqueous foam as a means to combat violent
behavior in a correctional environment, assess
health and safety risks, and evaluate the
effectiveness of this system.

94-IJ-CX-0014
Classification for Recidivism Risk: A Hazard Model
Approach
Richard L. Linster, NIJ Visiting Fellow
$107,815
This project continues an effort to develop and
apply models to predict recidivism risk among
parolees and probationers.

94-IJ-CX-0060
Development of a Model Evaluation Instrument for
Correctional Education Programming
Correctional Education Association
Stephen Steurer
$28,189
This project will develop a model evaluation
instrument to study the effects of education on
adult inmates. The project will measure the
effects on employment and recidivism and review
which factors in correctional education
programming have the greatest impact on inmates.

94-IJ-CX-0028
Drug User Accountability and Long-Term 
Recidivism
Arizona State University
John Hepburn
$29,994
This effort will update a previous impact
evaluation of a drug demand-reduction program that
provided either full prosecution or diversion to
substance abuse treatment. The project will expand
the outcome analysis of the original 7,912
offenders to a 6-year followup study.

94-IJ-CX-0019
Enhancing the Evaluation of Outcomes of Innovative
Boot Camps
Tom Castellano, NIJ Visiting Fellow
$212,486
This project will explore the factors associated
with the implementation and development of
innovative correctional boot camps, including the
impact of boot camps on offenders' psychological
traits, such as self-esteem, locus of control, and
problemsolving skills.

92-DD-CX-K037
Evaluation of Correctional Options Demonstration 
Program
National Council on Crime and Delinquency
James Austin
$100,000
Individual evaluation designs will be developed
for four correctional options demonstration sites
funded by the Bureau of Justice Assistance, data
collection instruments will be finalized, and
admission and screening forms will be processed as
they are received from sites.

94-IJ-CX-0010
Evaluation of the Fresh Start Program
The Urban Institute
H. Morton Grant
$379,398
This 4-year effort will include a process
evaluation, impact evaluation, and cost-benefit
analysis of the Fresh Start program, which
provides an array of services to probationers and
parolees leaving prisons and jails and returning
to their communities.

94-IJ-CX-0057
Evaluation: Providing Counsel to Incarcerated
Aliens
Rutgers University
Candace McCoy
$14,127
This project will evaluate a program to provide
counsel to incarcerated aliens in selected
corrections facilities in the State of New York.

94-IJ-CX-0034
Followup on the Harris County, Texas, Boot Camp 
Program
Sam Houston State University
Billy C. Covington
$18,502
This research study will examine the post-release
behavior of "graduates" of a boot camp program in
Harris County, Texas, to determine the
effectiveness of the Court Regimented Intensive
Probation Program in reducing recidivism.

94-IJ-CX-K013
Girl Scouts Behind Bars Program: Research and 
Evaluation
University of Baltimore
Kathleen Block
$61,590
The University of Baltimore will conduct a study
of the Maryland Girl Scouts Behind Bars program
and its participants.

94-IJ-CX-K005
HIV/AIDS and Tuberculosis in Correctional
Facilities
Abt Associates, Inc.
Theodore Hammett
$50,000
A survey will be conducted among Federal, State,
and local correctional systems in the United
States to determine the incidence of HIV/AIDS and
tuberculosis.

92-IJ-CX-K027
Management of Special Populations: Female 
Offenders
Michigan State University
Merry Morash
$31,600
A national assessment will be conducted to
determine the ways in which correctional officials
are managing the increased numbers of female
offenders in the criminal justice system.

92-IJ-CX-K020
Management of Special Populations: Mentally 
Disabled Offenders
Policy Research Associates, Inc.
Henry J. Steadman
$100,000
An analysis of the mental health services provided
in correctional facilities will be performed, and
recommendations will be prepared regarding what
mental health and criminal justice system
administrators can do to improve service 
delivery.

94-IJ-CX-0016
Measuring Probation and Parole Effectiveness Using
Alternative Outcome Measures
University of California-Irvine
Crystal Garcia
$21,702
Alternative outcomes that can be used as measures
of success or failure of probation and parole will
be identified and analyzed using data from the
14-site National Intensively Supervised Probation
Demonstration Project.

94-IJ-CX-0021
Measuring Rehabilitation in Offender Populations
University of Chicago
Ardith A. Spence
$5,000
This NIJ Young Scholars Program study will review
work- release programs and programs to improve
offenders' chances for employment upon release.

94-IJ-CX-0064
Substance Abuse Treatment Using Cognitive 
Behavior Therapy: The Oklahoma Department of
Correction's Systematic Strategy
University of Maryland-College Park
Doris MacKenzie
$49,928
This research study will investigate the impact of
a cognitive behavior therapy program on
substance-abusing offenders (initiated by the
Oklahoma Department of Corrections) that was
designed to follow offenders while in correctional
institutions and after their release into the
community.

Forensic Sciences

92-IJ-CX-K042
Design of a DNA Profile System Using Short Tandem
Repeats
Baylor College of Medicine
C. Thomas Caskey
$96,933
The goal of this project is to develop and
implement short tandem repeats as the loci of
choice for DNA polymerase chain reaction
(PCR)-based testing technology, which will allow
DNA profiles to be generated manually and
automatically by amplifying and visualizing the
short tandem repeats.

93-IJ-CX-0030
Development of Capillary Electrophoresis for
Application in Forensic DNA Testing Procedures
University of Virginia
Ralph Allen, Jr.
$76,223
This supplemental study will collect sequence
polymorphisms from mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in
various racial and ethnic subpopulations to
examine genetic variability among them.

93-IJ-CX-0008
DNA Forensic Science: An Update
National Academy of Sciences
Eric Fisher
$109,880
A panel of experts will review and analyze the
major alternative approaches to the statistical
evaluation of DNA evidence to clarify the
statistical and genetic issues in determining the
probability that a DNA match is not random.

94-IJ-CX-0002
Forensic Evidence in Sexual Assault Cases
John Jay College, New York Research Foundation
Lawrence Kobilinsky
$17,500
The purpose of this study is to find a simple,
effective, and reliable method to isolate sperm
from sperm-vaginal swab mixtures to augment the
DNA PCR analysis of sexual assault evidence.

94-IJ-CX-R004
PCR-Based DNA Testing in the Forensic Sciences--
Technology Assessment Program
National Institute of Standards and Technology
Dan Frank
$100,000
This award will fund the development of PCR-based
DNA testing.

94-IJ-CX-0025
Supercritical Fluid Extraction and Chromatographic
Analysis for Dating Inks
University of Florida
Ian R. Tebbett
$48,425
To perfect the dating of inks, this study will
examine the effects of various storage conditions
and paper types on aging of ink as well as
construct aging curves for all inks maintained in
the Internal Revenue Service's ink collection.

94-IJ-CX-0039
Testing the Reliability of an Animal Model in 
Research and Training Programs in Forensic 
Entomology
Louisiana Tech University
Kenneth G. Schoenly
$208,502
Scientific testing will be performed to
authenticate the currently used method for
determining the post-mortem interval.

Less-Than-Lethal Technology

94-IJ-R-007
Airbag Restraint System for Patrol Vehicles
Idaho National Engineering Laboratory
Donna J. Marts
$155,000
This project involves the design and fabrication
of a prototype rear seat airbag that can be
deployed by a patrol vehicle driver to physically
restrain rear seat occupants who become violent
during transport.

92-IJ-CX-K017
Application/Evaluation of Less-Than-Lethal 
Weapons in Jails and Patrol Situations
National Sheriffs' Association
John Griffin
$73,579
This project will test the potential applicability
of less-than-lethal methods to such law
enforcement and corrections operations as
containment or de-escalation of riots or violence
by individuals.

94-IJ-R-055
Design, Fabrication, and Testing of a Tire
Deflator 
System for Use at Law Enforcement Checkpoints
Eagle Research Group, Inc.
Bert Soleau
$78,000
A lightweight tire deflation device will be
designed, produced, and tested for its potential
use by law enforcement officers to prevent
vehicles from evading security checkpoints, such
as those operated by the U.S. Border Patrol and
Customs Service.

94-IJ-CX-K006
Evaluation of Oleoresin Capsicum and Stun Device 
Effectiveness
National Sheriffs' Association
John Griffin
$349,622
Data on the reliability and effectiveness of
pepper spray and hand-held electrical stun devices
as an alternative to other use-of-force techniques
in jail settings will be collected and analyzed to
determine whether such devices should be used in
these settings and to provide recommendations for
modifying existing procedures and policies
regarding their use.

92-IJ-CX-K031 
Field Evaluation of Less-Than-Lethal Weapons in a
Prison Setting, Phase Two
American Correctional Association
William Taylor
$49,971
The applicability of less-than-lethal devices in a
correctional setting will be evaluated to ensure
that the developing technologies in this area meet
the needs of corrections officers.

94-IJ-R-012
Hands-Free Voice Transmitter and Individual 
Officer Locator
Idaho National Engineering Laboratory
Clifton E. Stine
$60,000
The purpose of this project is to design and
produce a miniature device that locates the person
wearing it, operates by a short-range one-way
voice transmitter, and can be worn around a police
officer's shirt collar.

94-IJ-R-008
Less-Than-Lethal Weapons Program--Fleeing 
Vehicle Tagging System
Idaho National Engineering Laboratory
Glenn E. Shell
$310,000
This project will identify potential suppliers of
suitable launchers, projectiles, and tagging
systems for less-than-lethal weapons; evaluate
identified technologies; and present
recommendations for the development of such a
product for law enforcement.

92-IJ-CX-A016
Less-Than-Lethal Weapons Program--Technical
Support
Office of Intelligence, U.S. Department of Energy
Barbara A. Moyers
$243,100
The U.S. Department of Energy will provide a
technical project director to support research
under the Less-Than-Lethal Weapons Program.

93-IJ-CX-K007
Less-Than-Lethal Weapons Technology and Policy 
Assessment
Burkhalter Associates, Inc.
V. Adm. E.A. Burkhalter, Jr.
$36,065
Military and Federal less-than-lethal technologies
and related policy issues will be analyzed for
their applicability to criminal justice
situations, and recommendations will be made for
enhancing criminal justice strategy programs.

94-IJ-CX-0008
Less-Than-Lethal Weapons Technology and Policy 
Liability--Technical Assistance
Burkhalter Associates, Inc.
V. Adm. E.A. Burkhalter, Jr.
$125,402
A panel of experts will study technologies that
are being considered for research by NIJ's
Less-Than-Lethal Weapons Program to determine the
legal liability certain technologies may pose and
make recommendations regarding their 
implementation.

94-IJ-R-006
Retractable Spiked Barrier Strip
Idaho National Engineering Laboratory
Donna J. Marts
$125,000
This award will support the design and production
of a portable, remotely activated, retractable
hollow-spiked barrier strip to interdict and halt
fleeing vehicles.

94-IJ-R-021
Smart Gun Technology
U.S. Department of Energy, Sandia National
Laboratories
Cliff Harris
$620,000
The purpose of this project is to develop
requirements for a handgun that can be operated
only by the authorized user, to evaluate possible
technologies that meet the requirements, and to
develop a model "smart" handgun using the selected
technologies.

Prosecution/Adjudication

94-IJ-CX-0026
Can Jurors Accurately Evaluate Hearsay Evidence?
University of California-Irvine
Bill Thompson
$18,662
This research project will examine the ability of
jurors to properly evaluate hearsay evidence in
child abuse cases.

94-IJ-CX-0049
Computerization and Validation of an Inventory To
Assess Adult and Juvenile Sex Offenders
Brandeis University
Raymond Knight
$218,484
This study extends the development of diagnostic
instruments, including the Multidimensional
Assessment of Sex and Aggression, for both adults
and juveniles, as well as offender typologies that
had been created previously.

94-IJ-CX-0004
Emerging Experiments in Community Prosecution
Barbara Boland, NIJ Visiting Fellow
$123,939
This research will focus on innovative approaches
by prosecutors to reduce crime and will examine
two pilot projects (in New York and Oregon) that
have adopted a "selective problem approach," which
represents a new mode of operation for
prosecutors.

94-IJ-CX-0005
Guidelines for Physical Security of Court
Facilities
National Sheriffs' Association
Aldine N. Moser, Jr.
$199,583
The proposed research will convene an advisory
group representing all interests and possible
contributors to improved courthouse security, use
the group's input to design and execute a national
survey of existing courthouse security resources
and managerial problems, recommend physical and
managerial improvements, and develop security 
guidelines.

94-IJ-CX-0040
Impact of Mandatory Minimum Sentences on Felony
Case Processing
National Center for State Courts
John Goerdt
$190,836
This study will examine the impact of mandatory
minimum sentences for first-time drug offenders
and mandatory minimum sentence enhancements for
habitual offenders. The effect of the
felony-charging and plea negotiation process on
trial dates, backlogs, and delay and conviction
rates will be studied.

94-IJ-CX-0003
The Influence of Court, Prosecutor, and Defense 
Resources on Felony Adjudication Procedures and
Interagency Coordination of Felony Case 
Processing
National Center for State Courts
John Goerdt
$238,223
This project will examine court, prosecutor, and
defender resources; case management procedures;
and methods of interagency coordination and their
impact on the pace and outcome of felony
adjudication.

93-IJ-CX-0001
Intermediate Sanctions: Developing an Effective
Intermediate Punishment System Model
Helen G. Corrothers, NIJ Visiting Fellow
$59,333
This award extends a project to examine
intermediate sanctions as appropriate punishments
and make recommendations regarding the best
combination of sanctions to ensure an effective
intermediate punishment system model.

94-IJ-CX-0020
Study of Juvenile Justice Programs in Prosecutor
Offices
Ann Taylor, NIJ Visiting Fellow
$104,816
A review of relevant literature and a process
evaluation of three different-sized prosecutors'
offices that are geographically diverse will be
performed to determine which juvenile justice
programs in these offices should be replicated,
modified, or adopted in other jurisdictions.

94-IJ-CX-0061
Survey of Federal, State, and Local Prosecutors on
Computer Crime
Rutgers University
Elin J. Waring
$20,000
A survey will be conducted to identify
prosecutorial districts with relatively high
computer crime caseloads, provide information
regarding the investigation and prosecution of
computer crime, and contribute to the further
development of a national data source on computer
crime.

Other

92-IJ-CX-0009
Americans With Disabilities Act: Implications for
Criminal Justice
Paula N. Rubin, NIJ Visiting Fellow
$173,880
This project will continue research on the
implications of the Americans With Disabilities
Act for criminal justice agencies; the policies
and programmatic responses arising in the field;
and the evolving case law, legal interpretations,
and regulatory policy.

94-IJ-CX-0007
Estimating Fiscal Impacts of Undocumented
Immigrants
The Urban Institute
Jeffrey S. Passel
$68,809
This project will provide estimates of taxes paid
by and the costs of undocumented immigrants
nationally and in seven States with large numbers
of undocumented immigrants. It also will
critically assess the States' estimates of the
costs.

94-IJ-CX-0023
External Review of the U.S. Border Patrol and Its
Measures of Effectiveness
Burkhalter Associates, Inc.
V. Adm. E.A. Burkhalter, Jr.
$38,000
Under this project, a group of analysts and
policymakers with expertise in border patrol
operations will review U.S. Border Patrol Measures
of Effectiveness and recommend improvements to
ensure that the measures result in a high degree
of surveillance and, as needed, interdiction in
border violation incidents.

94-IJ-CX-K007
Improving the Recruitment of Hispanics into Law
Enforcement Careers
Hispanic-American Police Command Officers'
Association
Jesse Gallegos
$24,293
A workshop will be conducted to develop research
parameters for a study regarding the effectiveness
of current law enforcement recruitment practices
and methods used to attract Hispanic candidates.

92-IJ-CX-0012
John B. Pickett Fellowship in Criminal Justice
Policy and Management
President and Fellows of Harvard College
Peter Zimmerman
$86,314
The John B. Pickett Fellowship at Harvard's
Kennedy School of Government provides full
tuition, fees, and related expenses for one or
more students pursuing a 1-year master's degree
program in public administration and will assist
career professionals who seek to expand their
knowledge of criminal justice policy and
management.

94-IJ-CX-0045
Mapping Violence and High-Frequency Calls for
Police Services Across Time: The Charlotte, N.C.,
Example
Southern Illinois University
Jim LeBeau
$46,618
This project will use 10 years of police data from
Charlotte, North Carolina, and an information
system to analyze, assess, and display information
on violent crime and high-frequency calls for
police service, over time, in more than 500
geographic units.

94-IJ-R-003
Medical Assessment of Level 11A Threats Against
Lightweight Body Armor
Office of the Armed Forces Medical Examiner, Armed
Forces Institute of Pathology
Arthur C. Burns
$5,000
This project will analyze 39 data sets from the
military's Aberdeen Proving Grounds that relate
blunt trauma effects to body armor and ammunition
rounds (9 mm and .357 Magnum).

94-IJ-R-046
Technology Information Network Support
U.S. Department of the Navy
Joseph Knoefel
$300,000
Resources, assistance, and recommendations on
technical and other matters will be provided to
develop a Technical Information Network and
National Law Enforcement Technology Center.

Goal VI: Develop, Promote, and Use Criminal
Justice Research, Evaluation, and Technology

91-IJ-CX-A009
Computer Support
University of Maryland-College Park, Computer
Science Center
Ira Gold
$15,000
This project will provide computer services for
NIJ research staff to enable them to analyze data
for the purpose of studying drug abuse and
criminal behavior.

94-IJ-CX-K016
Creation of a Working Group on Law Enforcement
Technology
Eagan, McAllister Associates, Inc.
Robert Greenberg
$134,979
This technical assistance project will examine how
best to facilitate the broader involvement of the
private sector in producing new technology for all
sectors of the criminal justice system.

92-IJ-CX-C004
Data Resources Program
University of Michigan
Christopher Dunn
$270,810
This program produces machine-readable data sets
of research projects funded by NIJ, assesses and
documents software products, and provides support
and assistance for research projects undertaken by
NIJ staff.

94-IJ-CX-0024
Florida's Criminal Justice Workforce Research
Information System
Florida Department of Corrections
William Bales
$49,870
This joint project between Florida's corrections
and law enforcement departments will design and
implement a workforce management information
system to study ways to enforce the law and carry
out punishment policies.

90-MU-CX-C005
National Criminal Justice Reference Service
Aspen Systems Corporation
Richard S. Rosenthal
$1,966,475
This clearinghouse serves as a central repository
for criminal justice research literature for NIJ
and is organized to disseminate information as
well as provide an infrastructure to support both
shared and individual program needs of all
components of the Office of Justice Programs.

94-IJ-CX-A036
1994 World Cup Soccer Championship Foreign Law
Enforcement
Federal Bureau of Investigation
Allison Ressler
$125,000
This award supports the development of a document
on international law enforcement cooperation in
providing security for the 1994 World Cup Soccer
Championship for use by Federal, State, and local
law enforcement agencies.

OJP-94-021-M
Papers on Violence--Publication Support
National Academy of Sciences
Suzanne Stoiber
$24,000
Publication of a volume of commissioned papers
dealing with the criminal justice system
dimensions and consequences of violence.

94-IJ-CX-A034
PAVNET (Partnership Against Violence Network)
Online Gopher Server
National Agricultural Library
John D. Kane
$57,758
This project will establish a centralized service
on the Internet for locating anti-violence program
information.

94-IJ-CX-C008
Professional Conference Series
Institute for Law and Justice, Inc.
Edward F. Connors
$50,000
This series of conferences is NIJ's
people-to-people program, an outreach mechanism
and service arm supporting a variety of live,
research-practitioner exchanges: conferences,
workshops, planning and development meetings, and
field program support and learning activities.

94-IJ-CX-C007
Research Applications Contract
Abt Associates, Inc.
Joan Mullen
$500,000
This contract's objectives are to convey critical
research findings and important advances in
practice to the appropriate policy and
professional audiences in useful formats, in a
timely manner, and through the most cost-effective
techniques.

94-IJ-CX-0001
Southern Black Caucus for Anti-Drug and Anti-
Violence Institute
University of South Carolina
Andrew J. Chishom
$19,900
The purpose of this grant is to convene a caucus
of African-American legislators from Southern
States who are concerned with drug abuse and
violence in African-American communities to
improve their awareness of related research
findings and thereby strengthen their legislative
roles.

91-MU-CX-C008
Technical Assistance and Support
KOBA Associates, Inc.
June B. Kress
$1,053,473
The purpose of this contract is to provide support
and assistance to the Institute in its full range
of criminological and criminal justice research
and development, dissemination, evaluation, and
training activities.

94-IJ-CX-A004
Technology Assessment Program
National Institute of Standards and Technology
Lawrence K. Eliason
$1,200,000
This project will continue efforts under the NIJ
Technology Assessment Program, such as the
development of DNA PCR standards, armor-piercing
ammunition testing, trauma plate testing,
integrated systems digital network standards,
ballistic studies in support of the body armor
program, and technical support for
less-than-lethal technologies.

90-IJ-CX-K009
Technology Assessment Program Information Center
Aspen Systems Corporation
Richard S. Rosenthal
$949,926
This project will continue support for the
implementation of Phase I of the National Law
Enforcement Technology Center.

90-IJ-CX-K031
Technology Assessment Program Information 
Center
Aspen Systems Corporation
Richard S. Rosenthal
$99,951
This continuation of support to the Technology
Assessment Program Information Center will
emphasize less-than-lethal technology.