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Persisters and Experimenters The researchers investigated whether the demographic characteristics of the persisters were different from those of the experimenters. In each of the three pathways, the middle and oldest samples were separately compared regarding such factors as age, family socioeconomic status (SES), ethnicity, family structure (i.e., single-parent or two-parent household), and welfare status. Significant differences between persisters and experimenters were found in both samples across the three pathways. Persisters were slightly older than experimenters, with an average difference of only 4 months (a difference that is statistically significant). In both samples, persisters were significantly more likely to come from economically disadvantaged families, as indicated by the family receiving welfare benefits or having a lower SES. However, the two groups did not differ on ethnicity or family structure (Loeber, Keenan, and Zhang, 1997).
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